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| Author | Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico | ||||
| Title | Model Based Synthesis of Control Software from System Level Formal Specifications | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | abs/1107.5638 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Many Embedded Systems are indeed Software Based Control Systems, that is control systems whose controller consists of control software running on a microcontroller device. This motivates investigation on Formal Model Based Design approaches for automatic synthesis of embedded systems control software.
We present an algorithm, along with a tool QKS implementing it, that from a formal model (as a Discrete Time Linear Hybrid System) of the controlled system (plant), implementation specifications (that is, number of bits in the Analog-to-Digital, AD, conversion) and System Level Formal Specifications (that is, safety and liveness requirements for the closed loop system) returns correct-by-construction control software that has a Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) linear in the number of AD bits and meets the given specifications. We show feasibility of our approach by presenting experimental results on using it to synthesize control software for a buck DC-DC converter, a widely used mixed-mode analog circuit, and for the inverted pendulum. |
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| Publisher | CoRR, Technical Report | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
Call Number  |
Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 104 | ||
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| Author | Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico | ||||
| Title | From Boolean Functional Equations to Control Software | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | abs/1106.0468 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Many software as well digital hardware automatic synthesis methods define the set of implementations meeting the given system specifications with a boolean relation K. In such a context a fundamental step in the software (hardware) synthesis process is finding effective solutions to the functional equation defined by K. This entails finding a (set of) boolean function(s) F (typically represented using OBDDs, Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams) such that: 1) for all x for which K is satisfiable, K(x, F(x)) = 1 holds; 2) the implementation of F is efficient with respect to given implementation parameters such as code size or execution time. While this problem has been widely studied in digital hardware synthesis, little has been done in a software synthesis context. Unfortunately the approaches developed for hardware synthesis cannot be directly used in a software context. This motivates investigation of effective methods to solve the above problem when F has to be implemented with software. In this paper we present an algorithm that, from an OBDD representation for K, generates a C code implementation for F that has the same size as the OBDD for F and a WCET (Worst Case Execution Time) at most O(nr), being n = |x| the number of arguments of functions in F and r the number of functions in F. | ||||
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| Publisher | CoRR, Technical Report | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
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Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 105 | ||
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| Author | Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico | ||||
| Title | Quantized Feedback Control Software Synthesis from System Level Formal Specifications for Buck DC/DC Converters | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | abs/1105.5640 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Many Embedded Systems are indeed Software Based Control Systems (SBCSs), that is control systems whose controller consists of control software running on a microcontroller device. This motivates investigation on Formal Model Based Design approaches for automatic synthesis of SBCS control software. In previous works we presented an algorithm, along with a tool QKS implementing it, that from a formal model (as a Discrete Time Linear Hybrid System, DTLHS) of the controlled system (plant), implementation specifications (that is, number of bits in the Analog-to-Digital, AD, conversion) and System Level Formal Specifications (that is, safety and liveness requirements for the closed loop system) returns correct-by-construction control software that has a Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) linear in the number of AD bits and meets the given specifications. In this technical report we present full experimental results on using it to synthesize control software for two versions of buck DC-DC converters (single-input and multi-input), a widely used mixed-mode analog circuit. | ||||
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| Publisher | CoRR, Technical Report | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number |
Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 106 | ||
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| Author | Mancini, Toni; Mari, Federico; Massini, Annalisa; Melatti, Igor; Merli, Fabio; Tronci, Enrico | ||||
| Title | System Level Formal Verification via Model Checking Driven Simulation | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification. July 13-19, 2013, Saint Petersburg, Russia | Abbreviated Journal | CAV 2013 |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 296-312 | ||
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| Publisher | Springer - Verlag | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Series Editor | Series Title | Lecture Notes in Computer Science | Abbreviated Series Title | ||
| Series Volume | 8044 | Series Issue | Edition | ||
| ISSN | 0302-9743 | ISBN | 978-3-642-39798-1 | Medium | |
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number |
Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 113 | ||
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| Author | Tronci, E.; Mancini, T.; Mari, F.; Melatti, I.; Jacobsen, R. H.; Ebeid, E.; Mikkelsen, S. A.; Prodanovic, M.; Gruber, J. K.; Hayes, B. | ||||
| Title | SmartHG: Energy Demand Aware Open Services for Smart Grid Intelligent Automation | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proceedings of the Work in Progress Session of SEAA/DSD 2014 | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 978-3-902457-40-0 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 119 | ||
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| Author | Tronci, E.; Mancini, T.; Salvo, I.; Mari, F.; Melatti, I.; Massini, A.; Sinisi, S.; Davì, F.; Dierkes, T.; Ehrig, R.; Röblitz, S.; Leeners, B.; Krüger, T.; Egli, M.; Ille, F. | ||||
| Title | Patient-Specific Models from Inter-Patient Biological Models and Clinical Records | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD) | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 120 | ||
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| Author | Mancini, T. ; Mari, F.; Massini, A.; Melatti, I.; Salvo, I.; Tronci, E. | ||||
| Title | On minimising the maximum expected verification time | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Information Processing Letters | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
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Sapienza @ mari @ | Serial | 163 | ||
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| Author | Sinisi, S.; Alimguzhin, V.; Mancini, T.; Tronci, E. | ||||
| Title | Reconciling interoperability with efficient Verification and Validation within open source simulation environments | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 102277 | ||
| Keywords | Simulation, Verification and Validation, Interoperability, FMI/FMU, Model Exchange, Cyber-Physical Systems | ||||
| Abstract | A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) comprises physical as well as software subsystems. Simulation-based approaches are typically used to support design and Verification and Validation (V&V) of CPSs in several domains such as: aerospace, defence, automotive, smart grid and healthcare. Accordingly, many simulation-based tools are available to support CPS design. This, on one side, enables designers to choose the toolchain that best suits their needs, on the other side poses huge interoperability challenges when one needs to simulate CPSs whose subsystems have been designed and modelled using different toolchains. To overcome such an interoperability problem, in 2010 the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) has been proposed as an open standard to support both Model Exchange (ME) and Co-Simulation (CS) of simulation models created with different toolchains. FMI has been adopted by several modelling and simulation environments. Models adhering to such a standard are called Functional Mock-up Units (FMUs). Indeed FMUs play an essential role in defining complex CPSs through, e.g., the System Structure and Parametrization (SSP) standard. Simulation-based V&V of CPSs typically requires exploring different simulation scenarios (i.e., exogenous input sequences to the CPS under design). Many such scenarios have a shared prefix. Accordingly, to avoid simulating many times such shared prefixes, the simulator state at the end of a shared prefix is saved and then restored and used as a start state for the simulation of the next scenario. In this context, an important FMI feature is the capability to save and restore the internal FMU state on demand. This is crucial to increase efficiency of simulation-based V&V. Unfortunately, the implementation of this feature is not mandatory and it is available only within some commercial software. As a result, the interoperability enabled by the FMI standard cannot be fully exploited for V&V when using open-source simulation environments. This motivates developing such a feature for open-source CPS simulation environments. Accordingly, in this paper, we focus on JModelica, an open-source modelling and simulation environment for CPSs based on an open standard modelling language, namely Modelica. We describe how we have endowed JModelica with our open-source implementation of the FMI 2.0 functions needed to save and restore internal states of FMUs for ME. Furthermore, we present experimental results evaluating, through 934 benchmark models, correctness and efficiency of our extended JModelica. Our experimental results show that simulation-based V&V is, on average, 22 times faster with our get/set functionality than without it. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1569-190x | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number |
MCLab @ davi @ Sinisi2021102277 | Serial | 186 | ||
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| Author | Mancini, T.; Melatti, I.; Tronci, E. | ||||
| Title | Any-horizon uniform random sampling and enumeration of constrained scenarios for simulation-based formal verification | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-1 | ||
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| Abstract | Model-based approaches to the verification of non-terminating Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) usually rely on numerical simulation of the System Under Verification (SUV) model under input scenarios of possibly varying duration, chosen among those satisfying given constraints. Such constraints typically stem from requirements (or assumptions) on the SUV inputs and its operational environment as well as from the enforcement of additional conditions aiming at, e.g., prioritising the (often extremely long) verification activity, by, e.g., focusing on scenarios explicitly exercising selected requirements, or avoiding </i>vacuity</i> in their satisfaction. In this setting, the possibility to efficiently sample at random (with a known distribution, e.g., uniformly) within, or to efficiently enumerate (possibly in a uniformly random order) scenarios among those satisfying all the given constraints is a key enabler for the practical viability of the verification process, e.g., via simulation-based statistical model checking. Unfortunately, in case of non-trivial combinations of constraints, iterative approaches like Markovian random walks in the space of sequences of inputs in general fail in extracting scenarios according to a given distribution (e.g., uniformly), and can be very inefficient to produce at all scenarios that are both legal (with respect to SUV assumptions) and of interest (with respect to the additional constraints). For example, in our case studies, up to 91% of the scenarios generated using such iterative approaches would need to be neglected. In this article, we show how, given a set of constraints on the input scenarios succinctly defined by multiple finite memory monitors, a data structure (scenario generator) can be synthesised, from which any-horizon scenarios satisfying the input constraints can be efficiently extracted by (possibly uniform) random sampling or (randomised) enumeration. Our approach enables seamless support to virtually all simulation-based approaches to CPS verification, ranging from simple random testing to statistical model checking and formal (i.e., exhaustive) verification, when a suitable bound on the horizon or an iterative horizon enlargement strategy is defined, as in the spirit of bounded model checking. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1939-3520 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | To appear | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
MCLab @ davi @ ref9527998 | Serial | 191 | ||
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| Author | Melatti, I.; Mari, F.; Mancini, T.; Prodanovic, M.; Tronci, E. | ||||
| Title | A Two-Layer Near-Optimal Strategy for Substation Constraint Management via Home Batteries | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication | IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-1 | ||
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| Abstract | Within electrical distribution networks, substation constraints management requires that aggregated power demand from residential users is kept within suitable bounds. Efficiency of substation constraints management can be measured as the reduction of constraints violations w.r.t. unmanaged demand. Home batteries hold the promise of enabling efficient and user-oblivious substation constraints management. Centralized control of home batteries would achieve optimal efficiency. However, it is hardly acceptable by users, since service providers (e.g., utilities or aggregators) would directly control batteries at user premises. Unfortunately, devising efficient hierarchical control strategies, thus overcoming the above problem, is far from easy. We present a novel two-layer control strategy for home batteries that avoids direct control of home devices by the service provider and at the same time yields near-optimal substation constraints management efficiency. Our simulation results on field data from 62 households in Denmark show that the substation constraints management efficiency achieved with our approach is at least 82% of the one obtained with a theoretical optimal centralized strategy. | ||||
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| Notes | To appear | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number |
MCLab @ davi @ ref9513535 | Serial | 190 | ||
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