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Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico |
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Title |
From Boolean Functional Equations to Control Software |
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2011 |
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abs/1106.0468 |
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Many software as well digital hardware automatic synthesis methods define the set of implementations meeting the given system specifications with a boolean relation K. In such a context a fundamental step in the software (hardware) synthesis process is finding effective solutions to the functional equation defined by K. This entails finding a (set of) boolean function(s) F (typically represented using OBDDs, Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams) such that: 1) for all x for which K is satisfiable, K(x, F(x)) = 1 holds; 2) the implementation of F is efficient with respect to given implementation parameters such as code size or execution time. While this problem has been widely studied in digital hardware synthesis, little has been done in a software synthesis context. Unfortunately the approaches developed for hardware synthesis cannot be directly used in a software context. This motivates investigation of effective methods to solve the above problem when F has to be implemented with software. In this paper we present an algorithm that, from an OBDD representation for K, generates a C code implementation for F that has the same size as the OBDD for F and a WCET (Worst Case Execution Time) at most O(nr), being n = |x| the number of arguments of functions in F and r the number of functions in F. |
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CoRR, Technical Report |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ |
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105 |
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Author |
Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico |
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Title |
Model Based Synthesis of Control Software from System Level Formal Specifications |
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2013 |
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abs/1107.5638 |
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Many Embedded Systems are indeed Software Based Control Systems, that is control systems whose controller consists of control software running on a microcontroller device. This motivates investigation on Formal Model Based Design approaches for automatic synthesis of embedded systems control software.
We present an algorithm, along with a tool QKS implementing it, that from a formal model (as a Discrete Time Linear Hybrid System) of the controlled system (plant), implementation specifications (that is, number of bits in the Analog-to-Digital, AD, conversion) and System Level Formal Specifications (that is, safety and liveness requirements for the closed loop system) returns correct-by-construction control software that has a Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) linear in the number of AD bits and meets the given specifications.
We show feasibility of our approach by presenting experimental results on using it to synthesize control software for a buck DC-DC converter, a widely used mixed-mode analog circuit, and for the inverted pendulum. |
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CoRR, Technical Report |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ |
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104 |
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Cavaliere, Federico; Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Minei, Giovanni; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico; Verzino, Giovanni; Yushtein, Yuri |
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Title |
Model Checking Satellite Operational Procedures |
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Conference Article |
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2011 |
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DAta Systems In Aerospace (DASIA), Org. EuroSpace, Canadian Space Agency, CNES, ESA, EUMETSAT. San Anton, Malta, EuroSpace. |
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We present a model checking approach for the automatic verification of satellite operational procedures (OPs). Building a model for a complex system as a satellite is a hard task. We overcome this obstruction by using a suitable simulator (SIMSAT) for the satellite. Our approach aims at improving OP quality assurance by automatic exhaustive exploration of all possible simulation scenarios. Moreover, our solution decreases OP verification costs by using a model checker (CMurphi) to automatically drive the simulator. We model OPs as user-executed programs observing the simulator telemetries and sending telecommands to the simulator. In order to assess feasibility of our approach we present experimental results on a simple meaningful scenario. Our results show that we can save up to 90% of verification time. |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ Dasia11 |
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13 |
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Author |
Alimguzhin, Vadim; Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico |
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Title |
On Model Based Synthesis of Embedded Control Software |
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2012 |
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abs/1207.4474 |
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Many Embedded Systems are indeed Software Based Control Systems (SBCSs), that is control systems whose controller consists of control software running on a microcontroller device. This motivates investigation on Formal Model Based Design approaches for control software. Given the formal model of a plant as a Discrete Time Linear Hybrid System and the implementation specifications (that is, number of bits in the Analog-to-Digital (AD) conversion) correct-by-construction control software can be automatically generated from System Level Formal Specifications of the closed loop system (that is, safety and liveness requirements), by computing a suitable finite abstraction of the plant.
With respect to given implementation specifications, the automatically generated code implements a time optimal control strategy (in terms of set-up time), has a Worst Case Execution Time linear in the number of AD bits $b$, but unfortunately, its size grows exponentially with respect to $b$. In many embedded systems, there are severe restrictions on the computational resources (such as memory or computational power) available to microcontroller devices.
This paper addresses model based synthesis of control software by trading system level non-functional requirements (such us optimal set-up time, ripple) with software non-functional requirements (its footprint). Our experimental results show the effectiveness of our approach: for the inverted pendulum benchmark, by using a quantization schema with 12 bits, the size of the small controller is less than 6% of the size of the time optimal one. |
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CoRR, Technical Report |
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yes |
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Call Number |
Sapienza @ mari @ |
Serial |
102 |
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Author |
Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico |
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Title |
Control Software Visualization |
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Year |
2012 |
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Proceedings of INFOCOMP 2012, The Second International Conference on Advanced Communications and Computation |
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15-20 |
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ThinkMind |
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978-1-61208-226-4 |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ infocomp2012 |
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100 |
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Della Penna, Giuseppe; Intrigila, Benedetto; Melatti, Igor; Tronci, Enrico; Venturini Zilli, Marisa |
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Title |
Exploiting Transition Locality in Automatic Verification of Finite State Concurrent Systems |
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2004 |
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Sttt |
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6 |
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4 |
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320-341 |
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In this paper we show that statistical properties of the transition graph of a system to be verified can be exploited to improve memory or time performances of verification algorithms. We show experimentally that protocols exhibit transition locality. That is, with respect to levels of a breadth-first state space exploration, state transitions tend to be between states belonging to close levels of the transition graph. We support our claim by measuring transition locality for the set of protocols included in the Mur$\varphi$ verifier distribution. We present a cache-based verification algorithm that exploits transition locality to decrease memory usage and a disk-based verification algorithm that exploits transition locality to decrease disk read accesses, thus reducing the time overhead due to disk usage. Both algorithms have been implemented within the Mur$\varphi$ verifier. Our experimental results show that our cache-based algorithm can typically save more than 40% of memory with an average time penalty of about 50% when using (Mur$\varphi$) bit compression and 100% when using bit compression and hash compaction, whereas our disk-based verification algorithm is typically more than ten times faster than a previously proposed disk-based verification algorithm and, even when using 10% of the memory needed to complete verification, it is only between 40 and 530% (300% on average) slower than (RAM) Mur$\varphi$ with enough memory to complete the verification task at hand. Using just 300 MB of memory our disk-based Mur$\varphi$ was able to complete verification of a protocol with about $10^9$ reachable states. This would require more than 5 GB of memory using standard Mur$\varphi$. |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ DIMTZ04j |
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91 |
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Della Penna, Giuseppe; Intrigila, Benedetto; Melatti, Igor; Tronci, Enrico; Venturini Zilli, Marisa |
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Title |
Finite horizon analysis of Markov Chains with the Mur$\varphi$ verifier |
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2006 |
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Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. |
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8 |
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4 |
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397-409 |
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In this paper we present an explicit disk-based verification algorithm for Probabilistic Systems defining discrete time/finite state Markov Chains. Given a Markov Chain and an integer k (horizon), our algorithm checks whether the probability of reaching an error state in at most k steps is below a given threshold. We present an implementation of our algorithm within a suitable extension of the Mur$\varphi$ verifier. We call the resulting probabilistic model checker FHP-Mur$\varphi$ (Finite Horizon Probabilistic Mur$\varphi$). We present experimental results comparing FHP-Mur$\varphi$ with (a finite horizon subset of) PRISM, a state-of-the-art symbolic model checker for Markov Chains. Our experimental results show that FHP-Mur$\varphi$ can handle systems that are out of reach for PRISM, namely those involving arithmetic operations on the state variables (e.g. hybrid systems). |
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Springer-Verlag |
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Berlin, Heidelberg |
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1433-2779 |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ Dimtz06 |
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78 |
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Coppo, Mario; Dezani-Ciancaglini, Mariangiola; Giovannetti, Elio; Salvo, Ivano |
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Mobility Types for Mobile Processes in Mobile Ambients |
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2003 |
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Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci. |
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78 |
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We present an ambient-like calculus in which the open capability is dropped, and a new form of “lightweight†process mobility is introduced. The calculus comes equipped with a type system that allows the kind of values exchanged in communications and the access and mobility properties of processes to be controlled. A type inference procedure determines the “minimal†requirements to accept a system or a component as well typed. This gives a kind of principal typing. As an expressiveness test, we show that some well known calculi of concurrency and mobility can be encoded in our calculus in a natural way. |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ Coppo-Dezani-Giovannetti-Salvo:03 |
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74 |
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Barbanera, Franco; Dezani-Ciancaglini, Mariangiola; Salvo, Ivano; Sassone, Vladimiro |
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Title |
A Type Inference Algorithm for Secure Ambients |
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2002 |
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Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science |
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62 |
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83-101 |
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We consider a type discipline for the Ambient Calculus that associates ambients with security levels and constrains them to be traversed by or opened in ambients of higher security clearance only. We present a bottom-up algorithm that, given an untyped process P, computes a minimal set of constraints on security levels such that all actions during runs of P are performed without violating the security level priorities. Such an algorithm appears to be a prerequisite to use type systems to ensure security properties in the web scenario. |
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Elsevier |
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TOSCA 2001, Theory of Concurrency, Higher Order Languages and Types |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ Barbanera-Dezani-Salvo-Sassone:01 |
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73 |
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Chierichetti, Flavio; Lattanzi, Silvio; Mari, Federico; Panconesi, Alessandro |
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On Placing Skips Optimally in Expectation |
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2008 |
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Web Search and Web Data Mining (WSDM 2008) |
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15-24 |
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Information Retrieval |
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We study the problem of optimal skip placement in an inverted list. Assuming the query distribution to be known in advance, we formally prove that an optimal skip placement can be computed quite efficiently. Our best algorithm runs in time O(n log n), n being the length of the list. The placement is optimal in the sense that it minimizes the expected time to process a query. Our theoretical results are matched by experiments with a real corpus, showing that substantial savings can be obtained with respect to the tra- ditional skip placement strategy, that of placing consecutive skips, each spanning sqrt(n) many locations. |
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Acm |
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Najork, M.; Broder, A.Z.; Chakrabarti, S. |
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yes |
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Sapienza @ mari @ ChiLatMar08 |
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94 |
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