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Author Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico
Title Synthesizing Control Software from Boolean Relations Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication International Journal on Advances in Software Abbreviated Journal Intern. Journal on Advances in SW
Volume vol. 5, nr 3&4 Issue Pages 212-223
Keywords Control Software Synthesis; Embedded Systems; Model Checking
Abstract Many software as well digital hardware automatic
synthesis methods define the set of
implementations meeting the given system
specifications with a boolean relation K. In
such a context a fundamental step in the software
(hardware) synthesis process is finding effective
solutions to the functional equation defined by
K. This entails finding a (set of) boolean
function(s) F (typically represented using
OBDDs, Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams)
such that: 1) for all x for which K is
satisfiable, K(x, F(x)) = 1 holds; 2) the
implementation of F is efficient with respect
to given implementation parameters such as code
size or execution time. While this problem has
been widely studied in digital hardware synthesis,
little has been done in a software synthesis
context. Unfortunately, the approaches developed
for hardware synthesis cannot be directly used in
a software context. This motivates investigation
of effective methods to solve the above problem
when F has to be implemented with software. In
this paper, we present an algorithm that, from an
OBDD representation for K, generates a C code
implementation for F that has the same size as
the OBDD for F and a worst case execution time
linear in nr, being n = |x| the number of
input arguments for functions in F and r the
number of functions in F. Moreover, a formal
proof of the proposed algorithm correctness is
also shown. Finally, we present experimental
results showing effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher IARIA Place of Publication Editor (down) Luigi Lavazza
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1942-2628 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ melatti @ Serial 108
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Author Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico
Title Linear Constraints and Guarded Predicates as a Modeling Language for Discrete Time Hybrid Systems Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication International Journal on Advances in Software Abbreviated Journal Intern. Journal on Advances in SW
Volume vol. 6, nr 1&2 Issue Pages 155-169
Keywords Model-based software design; Linear predicates; Hybrid systems
Abstract Model based design is particularly appealing in
software based control systems (e.g., embedded
software) design, since in such a case system
level specifications are much easier to define
than the control software behavior itself. In
turn, model based design of embedded systems
requires modeling both continuous subsystems
(typically, the plant) as well as discrete
subsystems (the controller). This is typically
done using hybrid systems. Mixed Integer Linear
Programming (MILP) based abstraction techniques
have been successfully applied to automatically
synthesize correct-by-construction control
software for discrete time linear hybrid systems,
where plant dynamics is modeled as a linear
predicate over state, input, and next state
variables. Unfortunately, MILP solvers require
such linear predicates to be conjunctions of
linear constraints, which is not a natural way of
modeling hybrid systems. In this paper we show
that, under the hypothesis that each variable
ranges over a bounded interval, any linear
predicate built upon conjunction and disjunction
of linear constraints can be automatically
translated into an equivalent conjunctive
predicate. Since variable bounds play a key role
in this translation, our algorithm includes a
procedure to compute all implicit variable bounds
of the given linear predicate. Furthermore, we
show that a particular form of linear predicates,
namely guarded predicates, are a natural and
powerful language to succinctly model discrete
time linear hybrid systems dynamics. Finally, we
experimentally show the feasibility of our
approach on an important and challenging case
study taken from the literature, namely the
multi-input Buck DC-DC Converter. As an example,
the guarded predicate that models (with 57
constraints) a 6-inputs Buck DC-DC Converter is
translated in a conjunctive predicate (with 102
linear constraints) in about 40 minutes.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher IARIA Place of Publication Editor (down) Luigi Lavazza
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1942-2628 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ melatti @ Serial 115
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Author Lanotte, Ruggero; Maggiolo-Schettini, Andrea; Tini, Simone; Troina, Angelo; Tronci, Enrico
Title Automatic Covert Channel Analysis of a Multilevel Secure Component Type Conference Article
Year 2004 Publication Information and Communications Security, 6th International Conference, ICICS 2004, Malaga, Spain, October 27-29, 2004, Proceedings Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 249-261
Keywords
Abstract The NRL Pump protocol defines a multilevel secure component whose goal is to minimize leaks of information from high level systems to lower level systems, without degrading average time performances. We define a probabilistic model for the NRL Pump and show how a probabilistic model checker (FHP-mur$\varphi$) can be used to estimate the capacity of a probabilistic covert channel in the NRL Pump. We are able to compute the probability of a security violation as a function of time for various configurations of the system parameters (e.g. buffer sizes, moving average size, etc). Because of the model complexity, our results cannot be obtained using an analytical approach and, because of the low probabilities involved, it can be hard to obtain them using a simulator.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor (down) Lopez, J.; Qing, S.; Okamoto, E.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 3269 Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ icics04 Serial 34
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Author Fantechi, Alessandro; Gnesi, Stefania; Mazzanti, Franco; Pugliese, Rosario; Tronci, Enrico
Title A Symbolic Model Checker for ACTL Type Conference Article
Year 1998 Publication International Workshop on Current Trends in Applied Formal Method (FM-Trends) Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 228-242
Keywords
Abstract We present SAM, a symbolic model checker for ACTL, the action-based version of CTL. SAM relies on implicit representations of Labeled Transition Systems (LTSs), the semantic domain for ACTL formulae, and uses symbolic manipulation algorithms. SAM has been realized by translating (networks of) LTSs and, possibly recursive, ACTL formulae into BSP (Boolean Symbolic Programming), a programming language aiming at defining computations on boolean functions, and by using the BSP interpreter to carry out computations (i.e. verifications).
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Boppard, Germany Editor (down) Hutter, D.; Stephan, W.; Traverso, P.; Ullmann, M.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 1641 Series Issue Edition
ISSN 3-540-66462-9 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ fm-trends98 Serial 51
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Author Della Penna, Giuseppe; Intrigila, Benedetto; Melatti, Igor; Tronci, Enrico; Venturini Zilli, Marisa
Title Bounded Probabilistic Model Checking with the Mur$\varphi$ Verifier Type Conference Article
Year 2004 Publication Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design, 5th International Conference, FMCAD 2004, Austin, Texas, USA, November 15-17, 2004, Proceedings Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 214-229
Keywords
Abstract In this paper we present an explicit verification algorithm for Probabilistic Systems defining discrete time/finite state Markov Chains. We restrict ourselves to verification of Bounded PCTL formulas (BPCTL), that is, PCTL formulas in which all Until operators are bounded, possibly with different bounds. This means that we consider only paths (system runs) of bounded length. Given a Markov Chain $\cal M$ and a BPCTL formula Φ, our algorithm checks if Φ is satisfied in $\cal M$. This allows to verify important properties, such as reliability in Discrete Time Hybrid Systems. We present an implementation of our algorithm within a suitable extension of the Mur$\varphi$ verifier. We call FHP-Mur$\varphi$ (Finite Horizon Probabilistic Mur$\varphi$) such extension of the Mur$\varphi$ verifier. We give experimental results comparing FHP-Mur$\varphi$ with (a finite horizon subset of) PRISM, a state-of-the-art symbolic model checker for Markov Chains. Our experimental results show that FHP-Mur$\varphi$ can effectively handle verification of BPCTL formulas for systems that are out of reach for PRISM, namely those involving arithmetic operations on the state variables (e.g. hybrid systems).
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor (down) Hu, A.J.; Martin, A.K.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 3312 Series Issue Edition
ISSN 3-540-23738-0 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ Dimtz04 Serial 87
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Author Mari, Federico; Melatti, Igor; Salvo, Ivano; Tronci, Enrico; Alvisi, Lorenzo; Clement, Allen; Li, Harry
Title Model Checking Coalition Nash Equilibria in MAD Distributed Systems Type Conference Article
Year 2009 Publication Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems, 11th International Symposium, SSS 2009, Lyon, France, November 3-6, 2009. Proceedings Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 531-546
Keywords
Abstract We present two OBDD based model checking algorithms for the verification of Nash equilibria in finite state mechanisms modeling Multiple Administrative Domains (MAD) distributed systems with possibly colluding agents (coalitions) and with possibly faulty or malicious nodes (Byzantine agents). Given a finite state mechanism, a proposed protocol for each agent and the maximum sizes f for Byzantine agents and q for agents collusions, our model checkers return Pass if the proposed protocol is an ε-f-q-Nash equilibrium, i.e. no coalition of size up to q may have an interest greater than ε in deviating from the proposed protocol when up to f Byzantine agents are present, Fail otherwise. We implemented our model checking algorithms within the NuSMV model checker: the first one explicitly checks equilibria for each coalition, while the second represents symbolically all coalitions. We present experimental results showing their effectiveness for moderate size mechanisms. For example, we can verify coalition Nash equilibria for mechanisms which corresponding normal form games would have more than $5 \times 10^21$ entries. Moreover, we compare the two approaches, and the explicit algorithm turns out to outperform the symbolic one. To the best of our knowledge, no model checking algorithm for verification of Nash equilibria of mechanisms with coalitions has been previously published.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor (down) Guerraoui, R.; Petit, F.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 5873 Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ sss09 Serial 19
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Author
Title Charme Type Conference Article
Year 2003 Publication Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2860 Issue Pages
Keywords
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor (down) Geist, D.; Tronci, E.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 3-540-20363-X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ editor-charme03 Serial 37
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Author Della Penna, Giuseppe; Intrigila, Benedetto; Melatti, Igor; Tronci, Enrico; Venturini Zilli, Marisa
Title Finite Horizon Analysis of Markov Chains with the Mur$\varphi$ Verifier Type Conference Article
Year 2003 Publication Correct Hardware Design and Verification Methods, 12th IFIP WG 10.5 Advanced Research Working Conference, CHARME 2003, L'Aquila, Italy, October 21-24, 2003, Proceedings Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 394-409
Keywords
Abstract In this paper we present an explicit disk based verification algorithm for Probabilistic Systems defining discrete time/finite state Markov Chains. Given a Markov Chain and an integer k (horizon), our algorithm checks whether the probability of reaching an error state in at most k steps is below a given threshold. We present an implementation of our algorithm within a suitable extension of the Mur$\varphi$ verifier. We call the resulting probabilistic model checker FHP-Mur$\varphi$ (Finite Horizon Probabilistic Mur$\varphi$). We present experimental results comparing FHP-Mur$\varphi$ with (a finite horizon subset of) PRISM, a state-of-the-art symbolic model checker for Markov Chains. Our experimental results show that FHP-Mur$\varphi$ can handle systems that are out of reach for PRISM, namely those involving arithmetic operations on the state variables (e.g. hybrid systems).
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor (down) Geist, D.; Tronci, E.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 2860 Series Issue Edition
ISSN 3-540-20363-X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ Dimtz03 Serial 84
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Author Della Penna, Giuseppe; Intrigila, Benedetto; Melatti, Igor; Tronci, Enrico; Venturini Zilli, Marisa
Title Integrating RAM and Disk Based Verification within the Mur$\varphi$ Verifier Type Conference Article
Year 2003 Publication Correct Hardware Design and Verification Methods, 12th IFIP WG 10.5 Advanced Research Working Conference, CHARME 2003, L'Aquila, Italy, October 21-24, 2003, Proceedings Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 277-282
Keywords
Abstract We present a verification algorithm that can automatically switch from RAM based verification to disk based verification without discarding the work done during the RAM based verification phase. This avoids having to choose beforehand the proper verification algorithm. Our experimental results show that typically our integrated algorithm is as fast as (sometime faster than) the fastest of the two base (i.e. RAM based and disk based) verification algorithms.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor (down) Geist, D.; Tronci, E.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 2860 Series Issue Edition
ISSN 3-540-20363-X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ DIMTZ03a Serial 85
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Author Pugliese, Rosario; Tronci, Enrico
Title Automatic Verification of a Hydroelectric Power Plant Type Conference Article
Year 1996 Publication Third International Symposium of Formal Methods Europe (FME), Co-Sponsored by IFIP WG 14.3 Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 425-444
Keywords
Abstract We analyze the specification of a hydroelectric power plant by ENEL (the Italian Electric Company). Our goal is to show that for the specification of the plant (its control system in particular) some given properties hold. We were provided with an informal specification of the plant. From such informal specification we wrote a formal specification using the CCS/Meije process algebra formalism. We defined properties using μ-calculus. Automatic verification was carried out using model checking. This was done by translating our process algebra definitions (the model) and μ-calculus formulas into BDDs. In this paper we present the informal specification of the plant, its formal specification, some of the properties we verified and experimental results.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Springer Place of Publication Oxford, UK Editor (down) Gaudel, M.-C.; Woodcock, J.
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Lecture Notes in Computer Science Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume 1051 Series Issue Edition
ISSN 3-540-60973-3 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved yes
Call Number Sapienza @ mari @ fme96 Serial 53
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